Långvarig stress konsekvenser

Nyhetsartikler og intervju som er eldre enn to år, er merket med dette. Vi fjerner ikke arkiverte nyhetsartikler, fordi vi mener at de har en historisk verdi. CRP står for C-reaktivt protein. Proteinet produseres i leveren, og det har en funksjon i forbindelse med betennelsesreaksjoner i kroppen. For at kroppen skal kunne bekjempe infeksjoner og betennelser inflammasjon , lager den forskjellige stoffer som gjør at forsvarsreaksjoner blir satt i gang, og at reaksjoner starter på det rette stedet. CRP er et slikt stoff. Man vet ikke med sikkerhet hvilke funksjoner proteinet har, men man vet at det deltar i prosessen og at det kan brukes som et mål på hvor kraftig en infeksjon eller inflammasjon er. Når sykdommen tilheler, synker CRP hurtig, da halveringstiden i blodet er omkring timer. I første rekke ses høy CRP ved sykdommer karakterisert av celledød nekrose , som ved infeksjoner, akutt hjerteinfarkt, etter kirurgiske inngrep, visse kroniske inflammasjoner og noen ganger ved kreftsykdommer.

CRP øker som regel mer ved bakterielle infeksjoner enn ved ukompliserte virusinfeksjoner. Ved blant annet lungebetennelse har prøven imidlertid begrenset verdi når det gjelder å skille mellom bakterier og virus.

Crp 24 barn

Ved å oppgi dette kan du få bedre tilpasset innhold etter om du har formell helsefaglig kompetanse eller ikke. Denne funksjonen er fjernet av personvernshensyn. Sist oppdatert: På NHI. Alle artikler er publisert med dato — enten for opprettelse av dokumentet eller revidert dato. Hopp til innhold Hva er CRP? Når brukes CRP? Hvordan blir testen utført? Vis hele teksten. Neste side. Er du helsepersonell? Ved å oppgi dette kan du få bedre tilpasset innhold om du har formell helsefaglig kompetanse Ja. Andre leste også dette. Hovne lymfeknuter Hovne lymfeknuter i kombinasjon med andre symptomer og tegn, særlig hos barn, er en vanlig grunn til å søke lege. Hormone replacement therapy use was imputed using the expectation-maximization algorithm method for women with missing data using age, socioeconomic status i. BMI was calculated from height and weight. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the main and interactive effects of gender and chronic stress domain on CRP.

All non-categorical variables were centered about the sample mean. CRP was shown to be positively skewed and a square-root transformation was applied to normalize the distribution. Three models were tested. Model 1 adjusted for age, race, socioeconomic status i. Model 2 included additional adjustments for potential confounding factors, including current use of medications aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensives, lipid-lowering medications, hormone replacement therapy , recent infection, and currently diagnosed diabetes and hypertension. Model 3 added common bio-behavioral factors often related to CRP, including BMI, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity. For all models, covariates were entered at Step 1, followed by main effect variables i. All stress variables were entered simultaneously in order to isolate the unique effect of each domain, and to gauge the extent to which the overall gender by stress interactions added predictive utility to the model.

Significant gender by chronic stress type interaction effects that were evident in the full sample were probed through simple slope analyses within gender, to determine how the nature of the stress-CRP relationship differed in males versus females. In order to further examine the clinical significance of the statistically significant interaction effects, CRP was dichotomized into groups: CRP levels of 3. Simple slope binomial logistic regressions for each model were then conducted by gender on CRP group. Missing data were excluded on a pairwise basis; consequently, sample sizes vary slightly across models. Descriptive statistics for all variables for the total sample and grouped by gender are presented in Table 1. The mean age was There were no significant gender differences for age or ethnicity. However, men had higher levels of education overall than women. For example, more men A greater number of men were also married or partnered Descriptive statistics for covariates, chronic stress domains, and C-Reactive Protein, for the total sample and each gender group.

Means and standard deviations are included for continuous variables, and numbers and percents for categorical variables. Females were more likely to report non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug No difference was found for lipid-lowering medications. Women had a higher mean BMI A greater number of women Regardless of domain, females reported moderate or severe stress more frequently than men, with the largest difference observed for sympathetic-caregiving Table 2 displays results from analyses regressing CRP on gender, chronic stress domains, and their interactions. There were no other significant stressor main effects. The gender by relationship stress and gender by financial stress interaction terms were non-significant across all models. These results are summarized in Table 2. In men, however, there was no significant difference in CRP by chronic sympathetic-caregiving stress group. Consistently, as displayed in Table 3 , analyses examining the clinically significant CRP cutoff of 3.

As noted, relationship stress and gender did not interact to predict CRP. Contrary to predictions, gender-specific analyses indicated that women experiencing chronic work stress tended to show higher CRP levels, whereas men experiencing chronic work stress tended to show lower CRP levels. However, the gender-specific associations did not reach statistical significance. A significant interaction effect was not observed for financial stress. The current study sought to fill gaps in previous research by evaluating the unique association between different domains of stress and CRP, an inflammatory marker related to CVD morbidity and mortality in prior research. Additionally, based on theories regarding gender-role related beliefs and values, we explored whether the impact of different stressors varied for men and women. Higher CRP levels in participants with sympathetic-caregiving stress were present in age-adjusted models, but no other chronic stressor main effects were observed.

The current study also demonstrated that gender moderated the aggregate association of chronic stress with CRP. Moreover, the significance of the aggregate chronic stress by gender interaction effect did not change with the inclusion of potential confounding factors e. Consequently, the aggregate chronic stress by gender effect does not appear to be solely a function of the impact of health or behavioral sequelae of stress on inflammation. Our hypothesis that interpersonally-oriented stressors would have stronger associations with CRP in women was supported for sympathetic-caregiving stress only. Women who reported sympathetic-caregiving stress had higher CRP levels than those who did not. The absolute reduction in risk of having clinically elevated CRP i. This absolute risk reduction is comparable in magnitude to the absolute risk reduction for smoking In men, there was no significant association of sympathetic caregiving stress with CRP.

Few studies have examined caregiving stress and objective physical health outcomes in relation to gender, but at least one found that male caregivers had higher levels of D-Dimer a biomarker of blood coagulability related to increased CVD risk than female caregivers and non-caregivers of both genders Mills et al. Only one study that we are aware of has examined gender differences in regards to inflammation, and that study found no variation by gender in relationships between caregiving stress and interleukin-6 Kiecolt-Glaser et al. Contrary to predictions, gender did not alter the association of relationship stress with CRP. This may be due, in part, to the ambiguous nature of this domain, which could refer to any type of relationship, regardless of intimacy or importance. Prior studies have found that specific interpersonal stressors, such as marital stress Graham et al. Moreover, relationship stress could be more insidious, involving maladaptive patterns of interaction of which individuals may not even be consciously aware.

Indeed, in prior research observer reports Fuligni et al.

Chronic Stress and C-Reactive Protein

To reconcile these findings, future studies could examine multiple types of relationship stress e. Likewise, our hypothesis that achievement-oriented stressors would demonstrate a more powerful relationship with CRP levels in men than in women was not supported. Further exploratory analyses were conducted to determine whether the association within gender would differ if the sample were restricted to current full-time employed individuals only. Consequently, when the sample was restricted to individuals who were currently working full-time, trends were in a similar direction for both genders, such that higher work stress was associated with higher CRP levels, but appeared to be somewhat stronger in women, with a nonsignificant association in men, and a marginal association in women. For example, although a greater percentage of men In addition, men who report having work stress may be in higher-level positions, affording greater autonomy and control.

Previous studies have found that men tend to perceive more control at work than women de Smet et al. As these factors were not measured in MESA, examining these possibilities is a suggested area for future research. Although possessing several strengths, including a large sample size, representation of four major ethnic minority groups, and the assessment of various stress domains, the current study also has several limitations. Due to the cross-sectional design, inferences about directionality of relationships cannot be made. It is possible that CRP levels affect perceptions of chronic stress, as inflammation has also been shown to affect emotions Bilbo et al. Additionally, each chronic stress domain was assessed with the use of only one item involving subparts. The ability of one item to capture the complex nature of stressors in a particular domain reliably is limited, and intracategory variability can be large, with those individuals responding positively to stress in a particular domain using experiences with disparate valence, sources, or severities as exemplars Dohrenwend, In addition, while a one-item measure can broadly capture subjective experiences of stress, more nuanced information regarding possible reasons for the gender differences found across stressor type e.

The use of a more descriptive multiple-item measure will be important in future research. Although an attempt was made to include several demographic and biobehavioral factors that could contribute to the chronic stress-CRP relationship in models, in the interest of parsimony, other relevant factors such as environmental influences, coping behaviors, personality e.

Muskelsvaghet stress

Finally, effect sizes overall accounted for a relatively small percentage of total variance in CRP, and consequently, are of unknown clinical significance. However, as noted previously, the attributable risk reduction for chronic sympathetic-caregiving stress in women was comparable to attributable risk reductions for smoking and drinking in this sample, providing some indication of clinical relevance. Overall, the pattern of moderating effects supports the tenet of gender differences in chronic stress reactivity in certain stress domains, with possible greater reactivity in females than males, depending on domain. However, replication in future research will be critical to more definitively ascertain clinical significance and to determine if the findings in the current study are reliable. The interesting nature of results in the current study illustrates the difficulty of forming broad conclusions regarding the relationship of chronic stress to CVD risk.

Consistent with underlying theoretical perspectives, our findings indicate gender differences in how stress impacts physiological parameters. The pattern, however, was not necessarily as predicted; rather, in those domains for which interactions were significant, women tended to show greater stress responsiveness, relative to men. Stress may in fact be more strongly linked to inflammatory markers in women than men. The acute stress literature suggests that that women respond with larger and more sustained increases in proinflammatory cytokine production following psychosocial stress than do men Miller et al. Additional research is needed to explore possible explanations for the observed findings. However, overall the current study suggests that future efforts to examine stress in relation to CVD should consider gender as a possible effect modifier, rather than simply adjusting for its influence. With recent recommendations by a joint commission of the American Heart Association and Centers for Disease Control on the importance of CRP levels in relation to heart disease risk, identifying the complex ways in which stress relates to this marker of inflammation is both timely and pertinent.

The authors thank the other investigators, staff, and participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. Smriti Shivpuri was supported by grant number T32HL from the National Institutes of Health during preparation of this manuscript. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Learn more about our disclaimer. J Behav Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC Feb 1. Smriti Shivpuri , M. Gallo , Ph. Crouse , M. Allison , M. Linda C. John R. Matthew A. Please address correspondence to: Smriti Shivpuri, M. Phone: Fax: PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Behav Med. Abstract Objective To examine how chronic stress in major life domains [relationship, work, sympathetic-caregiving, financial] relates to CVD risk, operationalized using the inflammatory marker C-Reactive Protein CRP , and whether gender differences exist.

Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of considering gender as an effect modifier in analyses of stress — CVD risk relationships. Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, C-reactive Protein, chronic stress, gender, inflammation, stress domains. Gender as a Moderator of Physiological Responses to Stress Inasmuch as the significance placed on stressors could vary according to archetypal gender-related values, men and women may differ in their responses to different types of stress. Procedures Participants underwent a fasting venous-blood draw the morning of the baseline examination. Covariates Demographic characteristics, aspects of health history, behavioral variables and body mass index BMI were utilized as covariates in analyses. Statistical Analyses Multiple linear regression was used to examine the main and interactive effects of gender and chronic stress domain on CRP. Results Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics for all variables for the total sample and grouped by gender are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for covariates, chronic stress domains, and C-Reactive Protein, for the total sample and each gender group. Open in a separate window. Discussion The current study sought to fill gaps in previous research by evaluating the unique association between different domains of stress and CRP, an inflammatory marker related to CVD morbidity and mortality in prior research. Conclusion The interesting nature of results in the current study illustrates the difficulty of forming broad conclusions regarding the relationship of chronic stress to CVD risk. Footnotes Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Socioeconomic and psychosocial gradients in cardiovascular pathogen burden and immune response: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Current Directions in Psychological Science.

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